|
[转帖]游泳時經常使用的肌群
游泳時經常使用的肌群: 上臂三頭肌,大圓肌,闊背肌,胸肌,三角肌,上臂二投肌,前臂肌群. 轉身會用到:內,外腹斜肌. 蝶式的蝶腰動作會用到:斜方肌 ,臀大肌,腿後腱肌群,腓腸肌,腹直肌,胸肌,胸腰肌膜,臀中肌,股直肌. 如果把這些肌群伸展至極限後縮收就可得到最大肌力,相反的划水效率也會增加很多. [upload=jpg]attachments/dvbbs/UploadFile/2004-7/2004725164914663.jpg[/upload] [upload=jpg]attachments/dvbbs/UploadFile/2004-7/200472516492157.jpg[/upload]
肌肉系统概述
Overview of Muscular System 肌肉系统概述 肌肉的功用: produce movements --by shortening 通过伸缩产生运动 k maintain posture 保持身体姿势 l stabilize joint 稳定关节 m generate heat 产生热量 肌束排列【Fig.1-16】 肌肉的形狀 舉例 flat external oblique pennate unipennate extensor digitorum longusrectus femorisdeltoid bipennate rectus femoris multipennate deltoid fusiform biceps brachii quadrate muscle pronator quadratus circular/sphincteral orbicularis oculi 肌肉附著 -- 肌肉具兩端附著處 →origin and insertion -- 肌肉可附著於 bone, cartilage, skin, fascia, mucous membrane -- 附著形式 → direct and indirect(tendon /aponeurosis) 作用形式 -- agonist, prime mover(主動肌) -- antagonist(拮抗肌) -- synergist(協同肌) -- fixator(固定肌) 肌肉命名的原則【Fig.1-15】 根 據 舉 例 Location brachialis 肱肌 Shape deltoid 三角肌trapezius斜方肌 Size maxiumus 大 gluteus medius 中 maximus/medius/minimus臀大/中/小肌 minimus小 logus 長 peroneus longus/ brevis腓骨長/短肌 brevis 短 Direction rectus 直 rectus abdominis腹直肌 transverse 橫 transversus abdominis 腹橫肌 oblique 斜 external oblique腹外斜肌 Attachment brachioradialis 肱橈肌 number of origin biceps 二頭 biceps femoris 股二頭肌 triceps三頭 triceps brachii 肱三頭肌 Action flexor 屈 、extensor伸、adductor 內收、abductor 外展levator 提、 sphincter 括約 頭部的肌肉 (muscles of head)【Fig.7-6, 7-7】 1. facial expression(顏面表情肌)-- 表情肌全位在皮下,故止點幾乎全在皮膚而非骨骼 肌 肉 作 用 occipitofrontalis 枕額肌 wrinkles forehead skin horizontally corrugator supercilii 皺眉肌 wrinkles forehead skin vertically orbicularis oculi 眼輪匝肌 closes eye zygomaticus 顴肌 smiling muscles levator labii superioris 提上唇肌 raises upper lip depressor labii inferioris 降下唇肌 draws lower lip depressor anguli oris 降口角肌 zygomaticus antagonist orbicularis oris 口輪匝肌 closes lips mentalis 頦肌 protrudes lower lip buccinator 頰肌 whistling and sucking platysma 闊頸肌 help depress mandible
2. mastication (咀嚼肌) 【Table7-10】 extrinsic tongue muscles (舌外在肌) 【Table7-14】 肌 肉 作 用 masseter 嚼肌 jaw closure temporalis 顳肌 jaw closure medial pterygoid 內翼肌 grinding(with lateral pterygoid) lateral pterygoid 外翼肌 grinding genioglossus 頦舌肌 primarily protracts tongue hyoglossus 舌骨舌肌 depress tongue styloglossus 莖舌肌 retracts and elevate tongue
3. ocular extrinsic muscles (眼外在肌) 【Table7-8】 肌 肉 作 用 superior rectus 上直肌 elevates eye medially inferior rectus 下直肌 depresses eye medially medial rectus 內直肌 turns eye medially lateral rectus 外直肌 turns eye laterally superior oblique 上斜肌 depresses eye medially inferior oblique 下斜肌 elevates eye laterally 頸前及喉部的肌肉 :swallowing muscles (吞嚥肌) 【Table8-3】 肌 肉 作 用 digastric 二腹肌 elevate hyoid bone stylohyoid 莖舌骨肌 elevate and retracts hyoid bone mylohyoid 下頷舌骨肌 elevate hyoid bone geniohyoid 頦舌骨肌 pulls hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly sternohyoid 胸舌骨肌 depresses hyoid bone sternothyroid 胸甲狀肌 depresses hyoid bone omohyoid 肩胛舌骨肌 depresses hyoid bone thyrohyoid 甲狀舌骨肌 depresses hyoid bone superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors 上、中、下咽收縮肌 constrict pharynx * suprahyoid :digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid. * infrahyoid muscles:sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid. 頸部及脊柱的肌肉 (muscles of neck and vertebral column) 【Table8-4】 肌 肉 作 用 Sterno-cleido-mastoid 胸鎖乳突肌 prime mover of head flexion scalenes 斜角肌 elevate first two ribs splenius 夾肌 hyperextend head iliocostalis 髂肋肌 extend vertebral column longissimus 最長肌 extend vertebral column spinalis 棘肌 extend vertebral column semispinalis 半棘肌 extend vertebral column quadratus lumborum 腰方肌 extend vertebral column * erector spine(豎脊肌) → iliocostalis+longissimus+spinalis 胸部的深層肌肉:breathing muscles(呼吸肌) 【Page81】
肌 肉 作 用 external intercostals 外肋間肌 elevate rib cage internal intercostals 內肋間肌 depress rib cage diaphragm 橫膈 prime mover of inspiration
腹壁的肌肉 (abdominal muscles)【Page181, 183】 肌 肉 作 用 external oblique 腹外斜肌 compress abdominal wall internal oblique 腹內斜肌 compress abdominal wall transverse abdominis 腹橫肌 compress abdominal wall rectus abdominis 腹直肌 compress abdominal wall
骨盆及會陰的肌肉 (pelvic & perineum muscles) 【Page342】 肌 肉 作 用 levator ani 提肛肌 support pelvic organ coccygeus 尾骨肌 support pelvic organ sphincter urethra 尿道括約肌 constrict urethra transverse perineus 橫會陰肌 support pelvic organ external anal sphincter 外肛門括約肌 constrict anus ischiocavernosus 坐骨海綿體肌 maintain erection bulbospongiosus 球海綿體肌 empties urethra
胸部前後的湆蛹∪猓簊capular movement (移動肩胛骨) 【Page688, 690】 肌 肉 作 用 pectoralis minor 胸小肌 draws scapular serratus anterior 前鋸肌 prime mover to protract scapula (boxer’s m.) subclavius 鎖骨下肌 stabilize pectoral girdle trapezius 斜方肌 stabilize, retracts and raises scapula levator scapulae 提肩胛肌 elevates and adducts scapula Rhomboids 菱形肌 retracts scapula
肩關節的肌肉:arm movement (移動上臂) 【Page690】 肌 肉 作 用 pectoralis major 胸大肌 prime mover of arm flexion latissimus dorsi 闊背肌 prime mover of arm extension deltoid 三角肌 prime mover of arm abduction subscapularis 肩胛下肌 medial rotator of humerus(rotator cuff) supraspinatus 棘上肌 stabilize shoulder joint(rotator cuff) infraspinatus 棘下肌 stabilize shoulder joint(rotator cuff) teres minor 小圓肌 stabilize shoulder joint(rotator cuff) teres major 大圓肌 extends and medial rotator of humerus coracobrachialis 喙肱肌 flexion and adduction of humerus
跨過肘關節的肌肉:flex & extend forearm (屈曲及伸展前臂) 【Page722, 723】 肌 肉 作 用 biceps brachii 肱二頭肌 flexes of elbow joint brachialis 肱肌 flexes of elbow joint brachioradialis 肱橈肌 synergist in forearm flexion triceps brachii 肱三頭肌 prime mover of forearm extension anconeus 肘肌 synergist of triceps brachii
前臂的肌肉:移動手腕、手掌及手指【Page736, 742】 肌 肉 作 用 pronator teres 旋前圓肌 pronates forearm flexor carpi radialis 橈側屈腕肌 wrist flexion palmaris longus 掌長肌 wrist flexion flexor carpi ulnaris 尺側屈腕肌 wrist flexion flexor digitorum superficialis 屈指溂 |
|