1936年12月12日西安事变爆发
<BR><IMG src="/attachments/Upfiles/20061212172530882.jpg"><BR><BR><DIV align=center><TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt" cellPadding=0 border=0><TBODY><TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 225pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width=300><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">张学良、杨虎城联合抗日的爱国行动<SPAN lang=EN-US> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>1936</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>日，张学良、杨虎城在西安发动兵谏，逼迫蒋介石抗日，是为西安事变，亦称双十二事变。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>1935</SPAN>年，中国共产党发布《八一宣言》，提出抗日民族统一战线的主张。全国人民的抗日运动进入新的高潮，蒋介石的<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>攘外必先安内<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>的政策更加不得人心。在西北担负剿共任务的东北军与西北军厌恶内战，力主抗敌，在全国抗日运动高潮的推动下和中国共产党抗日统一战线政策的影响下，两军领导人张学良、杨虎城等开始与共产党及红军发生联系，初步奠定了三方团结抗日的政治基础。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 蒋介石于<SPAN lang=EN-US>1936</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>日飞抵西安，要挟张、杨：如不加紧<SPAN lang=EN-US> “</SPAN>剿共<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，即将张、杨两部分别调往安徽、福建，由中央军进驻西北。张、杨力劝蒋介石联共抗日，蒋加以拒绝。两位爱国将领遂毅然决定实行兵谏。<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>日凌晨，张学良的卫队进抵蒋介石驻地临潼华清池，与蒋的卫队交火。蒋闻枪声，仓皇越后墙逃走，爬上山坡隐蔽，被张学良的卫队搜索发现后捕获。同时杨虎城部下将留居城中的蒋介石高级党、政、军官员陈诚等<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>余人拘押。张、杨于<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>日当即宣布取消<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>西北剿匪总部<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，成立抗日联军西北临时军事委员会，张、杨分任正、副委员长。通电全国提出改组南京国民政府，停止内战，释放救国会领袖及一切政治犯，开放民众爱国运动，保障人民集会、结社自由，实行孙中山遗嘱，召集救国会议等<SPAN lang=EN-US>8</SPAN>项主张。同时致电中共中央，要求派代表到西安共商团结抗日大计。西安事变发生后，南京国民政府中以何应钦为首的亲日派主张进攻西安，借机扩大事态，夺取蒋介石的统治权力，进一步与日本妥协。英、美帝国主义及亲英、美的宋子文、孔祥熙则希望事变和平解决，以维护蒋介石的统治地位和英、美在华利益。宋子文、宋美龄委托英籍顾问端纳飞西安探视情况。<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>日，何应钦就任<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>讨逆军<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>总司令，并相应作了军事部署，派飞机轰炸西安临近地区。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 中共中央分析了国内外形势，确定了和平解决事变的方针。<SPAN lang=EN-US> 17</SPAN>日，以周恩来为首的中共代表团到达西安，与张、杨恳切会谈，并接见各方人士，坚决主张和平解决这次事变。<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日，宋子文、宋美龄飞抵西安开始与张、杨及中共代表会谈，<SPAN lang=EN-US>24</SPAN>日，达成了改组国民党与国民政府，驱逐亲日派，容纳抗日分子，释放上海爱国领袖，释放一切政治犯，保障人民权利，联共抗日等项协议。周恩来曾会见蒋介石，蒋表示以人格担保，履行上述协议。<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>日下午，张学良护送蒋介石飞离西安。事变的和平解决，推动了国共两党再次合作，实现团结抗日，中国由此实现了从国内战争到全国抗战的伟大转变。但蒋介石后来背信弃义，使张学良遭长期监禁，杨虎城惨遭杀害。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P> <BR><IMG src="/attachments/Upfiles/20061212172651552.jpg"><BR><BR><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">张学良将军<BR><IMG src="/attachments/Upfiles/20061212172741520.jpg"><BR><BR><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">杨虎城将军</SPAN></SPAN> <BR><IMG src="/attachments/Upfiles/20061212172839857.jpg"><BR><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">西安事变前夕的张学良和杨虎城</SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><BR> 此变挽救了共产党. <BR><IMG src="/attachments/Upfiles/20061212173617257.jpg"><BR><BR>张学良（前右）入陕时杨虎城（前左）前往机场迎候。（资料照片） <BR><IMG src="/attachments/Upfiles/20061212173153102.jpg"><BR><BR><P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">中共参与西安事变谈判的代表：秦邦宪、叶剑英、周恩来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">左起</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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